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Battle of Cibalae
The Battle of Cibalae was fought on October 8, 314 (or perhaps as late as 316, the chronology is uncertain),〔For the consensus on dating of the battle of Cibalae in 316, see A.S. Christensen, L. Baerentzen, ''Lactantius the Historian'', Museum Tusculanum Press, 1980, p.23, W. Treadgold, ''A history of the Byzantine State and Society'', Stanford University Press, 1997, p. 34, D.S. Potter, p. 378 and C. Odahl, p. 164. For the alternative dating at 314 see, among others, Ramsay MacMullen, ''Constantine'', Routledge, 1987, p. 67 and A. H. M. Jones, ''Constantine and the Conversion of Europe'', The English University Press, 1948, p. 127〕 between the two Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius. The site of the battle was approximately 350 kilometers within the territory of Licinius. Constantine won a resounding victory, despite being outnumbered.
==Background==
The hostilities were prompted by Constantine's appointment of his brother-in-law, Bassianus, as his Caesar. Bassianus was discovered to be intriguing against Constantine, perhaps at the prodding of his own brother Senecio, a close associate of Licinius. When Constantine demanded that Licinius hand over Senecio, Licinius refused. Constantine marched against Licinius, who responded by elevating another associate, Valens.〔Grant (1993), pp. 42-43. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Valens was raised by Licinius to the position of Augustus in 316, following his defeat Licinius appeased Constantine by deposing and executing Valens.〕 The date of Valens' elevation as emperor probably occurred after the Battle of Cibalae.
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